作业系统OperatingSystems-ShareCourse学联网.PDF

2014/4/25 作業系統 Operating Systems 靜宜大學資訊傳播工程學系 劉國有助理教授 kyliu@pu.edu.tw 輸入/輸出裝置 (I/O Devices) 裝置控制器 (Device Controllers) I/O Devices  I/O devices can be roughly divided into two categories: ◦ Block devices: stores information in fixed-size blocks. All transfers are in units of one or more entire blocks.  Ex: Hard disks, CD-ROMs, and USB sticks ◦ Character devices: delivers or accepts a stream of characters, without regard to any block structure.  Ex: Printers, network interfaces and mice 1 2014/4/25 Device Controllers  I/O units consist of a mechanical component (機械 元件, device itself) and an electronic component (電 子元件, device controller or adapter).  Controller’s job (ex: reading a disk): Convert the serial bit stream into a block of bytes  Perform any error correction necessary  Make available to main memory (copy data to main memory) How the CPU communicates with controller?  Each controller has a few registers that are used for communicating with the CPU.  By writing into these registers, the OS can command the device to perform some actions. (ex, deliver data)  By reading from these registers, the OS can learn what the device’s state is, whether it is prepared to accept a new command.  In addition to the control registers, many devices have a data buffer that the OS can read and write. (ex. video RAM) 2 2014/4/25 How the CPU communicates with the control registers and the device data buffers? (1) Each control register is assigned an I/O port number (8 or 16 bit integer). The CPU u