化工原理chapter10.4.pptVIP

Optimum feeding position Determination of reflux ratio Reflux is the key condition to keep the normal operation. To choose a suitable reflux ratio is very important. Find the Nmin Estimation by graphic method Estimation by the Fenske Equation This equation is derived from the average relative volatility Shortcut way to find N----Gilliland correlation This method comes from the ideas of Rmin and Nmin at all reflux condition. Plotted from the calculated result of plate by plate Applied conditions： 2~11 components ； 5 feed thermal states； Rmin=0.53~7.0； ?=1.26~4.05； N=2.4~43.1。 Steps to use Gilliland correlation Find Rmin and R based on system properties and the separation requirement. Find Nmin at all reflux condition. For systems close to ideal solution, this can be done by using of Eqs. (10.5.21) or (10.5.22). Calculate (R-Rmin)/(R+1). Check out (N-Nmin)/(N+1) from the Gilliland graph，and find the required N. Determine the feed position. Find N for special distilled towers Stripping tower Stripping tower Tower heated directly with steam Tower heated directly with steam Tower of multi-feeds Tower of multi-feed Tower with side-exit * Chapter 10  Distillation In Fig. a, feeding at the plate closed to the right feed concentration. Here the required plate number is minimum and the feed position is optimum. In b . c, the feed plate is far away from the feed concentration and it will increase the required plate number. Here the operation line is closed to the equilibrium curve to give small driving force. Figure 10-17 feed position 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a d c c d a c d a 0 0 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 y x y x x y g f a b c Two limitations: * All reflux: no top product, all condensed vapor is returned as reflux. * Minimum reflux: the minimum reflux to keep normal operation Practical operation is between those two limitations. Definition All rising vapor at tower top is condensed and returns a