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Relative positions of promoter and operator sites in OR λ repressor Cro λRepressor Binds to Operator Sites Cooperatively The λ repressor monomers interact to form dimers, and those dimers interact to form tetramers. These interaction ensure that binding of repressor to DNA is cooperative. The action of λrepressor and Cro Repressor bound to OR1 and O R2 turns off transcription from PR. Repressor bound at OR2 contacts RNA polymerase at PRM activating expression of the cI gene. OR3 lies within PRM ;Cro bound there represses transcription of cI. Resspressor and Cro bind in Different Patterns to Control Lytic and Lysogenic Growth For lytic growth , a single Cro dimer is bound to OR3 ; this site overlaps PRM and so Cro represses that promoter. PR binds RNA polymerase and directs transcription of lytic genes; PL does likewise. During lysogeny, PRM is on, while PR and PL are off.repressor bound cooperatively at OR1and OR2 blocks RNA polymerase binding at PR repressing transcription from that promoter. How the lysogenic state switches to the alternative lytic one Lysogenic induction requires proteolytic cleavage of λ repressor E.coli senses and responds to DNA damage. It does this by activating the function of a protein called RecA. Activated RecA stimulates autocleavage of LexA, releasing repression of those genes. This is called the SOS response. If the cell is a lysogen, λrepressor has evolved to resemble LexA, ensuring that λrepressor too undergoes autocleavage in response to activated RecA. The level of repressor in a lysogen must be tightly regulated. Repressor ensures its level never drops too low: it activates its own expression ,an example of positive autoregulation. Repressor ensure its level never get too high, repressor also regulates itself negatively.( negative autoregulation ) Negative Autoregulation of Repressor Requires Long-Distance Interactions and a Large DNA Loop interaction of repressors at OR and OL Another Activator , λcⅡ, Controls the Decision b
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