计算机网络概论 英文版.pptVIP

3.2.1 Stream Transport in the Internet Stream denotes a paradigm in which a sequence of bytes flows from one application program to another Internets mechanism arranges two streams between a pair of communicating applications, one in each direction The network accepts input from either application, and delivers the data to the other application The stream mechanism transfers a sequence of bytes without attaching meaning to the bytes and without inserting boundaries A sending application can choose to generate one byte at a time, or can generate blocks of bytes The network chooses the number of bytes to deliver at any time the network can choose to combine smaller blocks into one large block or can divide a large block into smaller blocks 3.2.2 Message Transport in the Internet In a message paradigm, the network accepts and delivers messages Each message delivered to a receiver corresponds to a message that was transmitted by a sender the network never delivers part of a message, nor does it join multiple messages together if a sender places exactly n bytes in an outgoing message, the receiver will find exactly n bytes in the incoming message The message paradigm allows delivery in different forms: Unicast a message can be sent from an application on one computer directly to an application on another, 1-to-1 Multicast a message can be multicast to some of the computers on a network, 1-to-many Broadcast a message can be broadcast to all computers on a given network, 1-to-all 3.2.2 Message Transport in the Internet Message service does not make any guarantees So messages may be Lost (i.e., never delivered) Duplicated (more than one copy arrives) Delivered out-of-order A programmer who uses the message paradigm must insure that the application operates correctly even if packets are lost or reordered Most applications require delivery guarantees Programmers tend to use the stream service except in special situations such as video, where multicast is needed and the