线性动量.ppt

Center of mass 質心 and linear momentum 線性動量 (Chap. 9) * Center of mass: The center of mass follows a parabolic path, just like a single ball. There are also rotations around the center of mass Definition of center of mass: or e.g. for two particles: For a system of masses. Extended to solid bodies: For a body with uniform density, one can use the fact that: Replace the summation by integration: One can consider only the three center of mass points: coms, comc, comP. Note that because of symmetry, all three points must lay on the x-axis. Use the definition of center of mass: Because comS=-R Newton’s second law for a system of particles The internal forces (like forces in a collision) of system of particles do not change the motion of the center of mass. While the external forces will govern the motion of center of mass according to the Newton’s second law. This also applies to a solid body, like a bat, or a firework. The forces of the explosion are internal to the system. A ballet dance leaps across the stage in a grand jeté. center of mass still follow a parabolic path (no external force) but the dance lifts her hands and legs so that the center of mass moves up a little bit relative to her body. as a result, her head and torso keeps in the same height and giving an illusion of floating for a short moment. Proof of second law on the center of mass From the definition of center of mass: First derivative: second derivative: Because of Newton’s third law, any internal force pairs will cancel with each other, so only external force, if any, left. Linear momentum Definition: Newton’s second law For a system of particles: Note that it is a vector. Just like a particle M moving with velocity vcom. Newton’s second law If there is no external force, total momentum cannot be changed. Collision 碰撞 and impulse 衝量 When collision occurs, the objects will change shape note that the ball stops first and moves backwards, i.e. there is a momentum change, that gives a force. t