管理学基础精品教学（清华大学）chap004--2013-s.pptVIP

4–* Hofstede’s Model of National Culture (cont’d) Achievement versus Nurturing Orientation Achievement-oriented societies value assertiveness, performance, and success and are results-oriented. Nurturing-oriented cultures value quality of life, personal relationships, and service. The United States and Japan are achievement-oriented; Sweden and Denmark are more nurturing-oriented. 4–* Hofstede’s Model of National Culture (cont’d) Uncertainty Avoidance Societies and people differ in their tolerance for uncertainty and risk. Low uncertainty avoidance cultures (e.g., U.S. and Hong Kong) value diversity and tolerate a wide range of opinions and beliefs. High uncertainty avoidance societies (e.g., Japan and France) are more rigid and expect high conformity in their citizens’ beliefs and norms of behavior. 4–* Hofstede’s Model of National Culture (cont’d) Long Term Outlook Cultures (e.g., Taiwan and Hong Kong) with a long-term in outlook are based on the values of saving, and persistence. Short-term outlook societies (e.g., France and the United States) seek the maintenance of personal stability or happiness in the present. 4–* The General Environment (cont’d) Demographic Forces Outcomes of change in, or changing attitudes toward, the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, ethnic origin, race, sexual orientation, and social class. During the past two decades, women have entered the workforce in increasing numbers and most industrial countries’ populations are aging. This will change the opportunities for firms competing in these areas as demands for child care and health care are forecast to increase dramatically. 4–* 人口因素 人口统计参数 性别 年龄 民族 宗教信仰 收入、教育程度、职业 家庭寿命周期 4–* The General Environment (cont’d) Political Forces Outcomes of changes in laws and regulations, such as the deregulation of industries, the privatization of organizations, and increased emphasis on environmental protection. Increases in laws and regulations increase the costs of resources and limi