自考英美文学课件Chapter 4维多利亚时期.doc

Chapter 4: The Victorian Period 考核要求: 1.识记:维多利亚时期的界定和社会政治，经济，文化背景。2.领会:维多利亚时期的文学特点和批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。 3. 应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释 1. Duration: 1836—1901 (Critical Realism) 2. Position: one of the most glorious in the history 3. Social background: A. Economically, the working classes were striking for the basic right and better living and working conditions. (Economic contradiction—the New Poor Law of 《新贫困法》1834) B. politically, the English working class were organized for their basic right, this movement??is the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people. (Political contradiction—the Chartist Movement of 1836) （工人阶级团结一致推出《人民宪章》,要求政府保障人权,改善生活与工作环境。） C. Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science and technology, new inventions and discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology and anthropology drastically shook people’s religious convictions. (Religious contradiction—Darwin’s theories)（在意识形态方面,维多利亚时代经历了巨大的变革。科学技术的大发展与各个领域的新发现打破了人们过去坚定的宗教信仰,宗教大厦开始坍塌。达尔文的《物种起源》(1859〉与《人类的进化》(1871)都是动摇了传统信仰的理论基。) 4. Literature features: ①took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life and thought. （维多利亚文学作为一个时代的产物,自然带有宏大与多样性的特点。它是多侧面而且复杂的从各个角度,包括浪漫的与现实的反映了人民生活中的各种巨大变化。） ②the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression the progressive thought这个时期,小说广泛流行,繁荣发展. According to D.H. Lawrence, George Eliot was the first novelist that “start putting all the action inside” and Thomas Hardy is not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities（不公正）, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals. （在19世纪末还出现了一位勇敢的女性小说家乔治?埃略特与一个不仅揭露批判社会丑恶现象,还大胆向维多利亚传统道德观发起攻击的文学家哈代）。 ③also produced a host of great prose writers（伟大的散文家） ④the poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways