2.2地膜覆盖PPT.ppt

??? 地膜覆盖;一、地膜覆盖发展简介 二、地膜覆盖的方式 三、地膜覆盖的效应 四、地膜的种类及特点 五、地膜覆盖的生产应用 ;地膜是指工业部门生产的专用于农作物地面覆盖栽培的塑料薄膜。 这种薄膜既不同于普通棚膜业不同于水稻育秧膜。其主要特点是：质地很薄韧性强、透光性好。 ;一、地膜覆盖发展简介;2、栽培作物种类和效益：约40多种作物上大面积推广。据统计，从1982到1995年， 累计增产：粮食2642万吨，花生355万吨，糖料655万吨，蔬菜2090万吨，瓜果4488多万吨，及其他农产品， 累计增值：950亿元 现在, 大多数地膜一般是厚为0.005～0.015mm的聚乙烯透明塑料薄膜。 现在不断研制开发各种颜色的选择透光、抑制杂草的塑料地膜，和可降解无公害的生物地膜。 此外，还研制出铺设地膜的各种型号的覆盖机具。 ;优点 具有保温、保湿效果好，增温快，增产显著，适于机械化作业等。 缺点 灌水、施肥较难，渗水不充分，容易出现畦心干及中后期脱肥、作物早衰等问题。;优点保水能力强，便于施肥灌水。 缺点地温提高得慢，地膜易受泥土污染而降低透光率，不利于机械化作业，增产效果较差。;5 垄作覆盖 ;优点 增温快，保温较好，方法简便，不需做畦；也可进行机械化作业，适于大面积中、远郊蔬菜及大田作物覆盖栽培。 缺点 增产效果不如高畦覆盖明显。 ;二、地膜覆盖的方式 ——技术要求;二、地膜覆盖的方式  ——覆盖操作;Plastic is laid using the apparatus shown in this picture. The plastic is laid tighly over a preshaped bed. Drip irrigation tubing on the reel above the plastic is laid under the center of the plastic. The tank at the front of the tractor contains methyl bromide that is injected into the soil as a fumigant before the plastic is laid. the crop can be planted only after the fumigant dissipates. It takes approximately 3 weeks for the methyl bromide to dissipate; This is properly installed plastic mulch. It is tightly spread across the bed and slightly peaked in the middle to drain rain water. The sides are securely anchored with soil so the plastic will not blow in the wind. Holes are cut, punched, or burned in the plastic to allow planting. ; This punch wheel makes holes in plastic mulch in advance of planting. The wheels can be adjusted to vary the row spacing and distance between plants. ;It is important to create the proper size hole in the plastic. If holes are excessively large, than many of the beneficial effects of the plastic are lost, while if the holes are too small, tender plants may be damaged if they contact the hot plastic. ;三、地膜覆盖的效应;2. 对近地面小气候的影响;（二）对园艺作物生育的影响;（三）其他效应;四、地膜的种类及特点;Straw mulch was widely used by vegetable growers for decades. Over the past 40 years, str