Chapter 2 Lecture 2精选.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Lecture 2;1. Phonetics V.S. Phonology;;2. Phone （音素）, Phoneme （音位）, and Allophone （音位变体） ;Phone , Phoneme , and Allophone;Phone, Phoneme, and Allophone;音位 (phoneme)是一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音单位。 音位及其归纳方法 1．具有相同的表义作用一样的一组音素，可归纳成同一个音位。它有如下特点： 第一，音位总是属于一定的语言，脱离具体的语言，音位无从谈起。 第二，属于同一个音位的各个音，不能区别意义，不同音位的各个音，能够区别意义。 第三，音位必须是最小的单位。例如，汉语的声母和单韵母可以看作音位，复韵母和鼻韵母就不能看作音位。  音素（phone）是构成音节的最小单位或最小的语音片段。音位和音素是两个不同而又有联系的概念。音素是从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位，音质不同,音素也就不同。音位和音素的关系则表现为，音位是由一组彼此的差别没有区别词的语音形式作用而音感上又相似的音素概括而成的音类。 音位是抽象的，音素则是具体的。 ;Phone, phoneme, and allophone语音，音位和音位变体;3. Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair音位对立，互补分布，最小对立集;Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair;Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair;Exercise;Minimal set;4. Some rules of phonology; a)??the first phoneme must be /s/, b)??the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/, c)??the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.;Assimilation in Mandarin 好啊 hao wa 海啊 hai ya 看啊 kan na 跳啊 tiao wa 天啊 ……;E.g. delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant: design, paradigm, there is no [g] sound; but the [g] sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms: signature, designation, paradigmatic.;Suprasegments syllable word phrase sentence;Stress: the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.;verb: import; increase; rebel; record … noun: import; increase; rebel; record …;modifier: dining-room; readingroom; sleepingbag… doer: sleeping baby; swimming fish; flying plane…;Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the following sentences. He is driving my car. My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.;Sentence stress tells which part of the sentence the speaker wants to emphasize. Normally, speakers and listeners are ready to share the meaning real