英语课件Chapter1-3 Ls and branches.pptVIP

Chapter 1-3 Linguistics and its branches Lead-in questions 1. What is lg? 2. What are the design features of lg? 3. What are the functions of lg? 4. What is linguistics? 5. What are the major branches of ls? 6. What are the important distinctions of ls? 1.6 What is linguistics? Ls is the scientific study of lg. Ls studies: (1) what is kg of lg. (competence) (2) how children learn lg. (acquisition) (3) how is this kg put to use? (performance) Research prospect: (p.14) Lg is valuable, critical, intricate and profund. 1.7 Main branches of ls Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics 1.7.1 Phonetics （语音学） Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. We can approach it on various levels. 1. At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy and physiology. We can study organs such as tongue and larynx and their functions in the production of speech. 2. At another level, we can focus on the speech sounds produced by these organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds. This is the domain of articulatory phonetics. （发音语音学） We can also investigate the properties of the sound waves — acoustic phonetics.（声学语音学） As speech is intended to be heard or perceived, it is therefore possible to focus on the way in which a listener analyses or processes a sound wave — auditory phonetics. （听觉语音学） 1.7.2 Phonology （音系学） Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. 45 [Phoneme (音素): the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.] e.g. bear/pear/soup, tig/dig, look/cook,… /b/, /p/, /t/, /d/, /l/, /k/… 1.7.3 Morphology （形态学） Morphology is concerned with the internal organization