分布式计算chap-03v2章节.pptVIP

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSPrinciples and ParadigmsSecond EditionANDREW S. TANENBAUMMAARTEN VAN STEENChapter 3Processes Thread Usage in Nondistributed Systems Figure 3-1. Context switching as the result of IPC. Thread Implementation Figure 3-2. Combining kernel-level lightweight processes and user-level threads. Multithreaded Servers (1) Figure 3-3. A multithreaded server organized in a dispatcher/worker model. Multithreaded Servers (2) Figure 3-4. Three ways to construct a server. The Role of Virtualization in Distributed Systems Figure 3-5. (a) General organization between a program, interface, and system. (b) General organization of virtualizing system A on top of system B. Architectures of Virtual Machines (1) Interfaces at different levels An interface between the hardware and software consisting of machine instructions that can be invoked by any program. An interface between the hardware and software, consisting of machine instructions that can be invoked only by privileged programs, such as an operating system. Architectures of Virtual Machines (2) Interfaces at different levels An interface consisting of system calls as offered by an operating system. An interface consisting of library calls generally forming what is known as an application programming interface (API). In many cases, the aforementioned system calls are hidden by an API. Architectures of Virtual Machines (3) Figure 3-6. Various interfaces offered by computer systems. Architectures of Virtual Machines (4) Figure 3-7. (a) A process virtual machine, with multiple instances of (application, runtime) combinations. Architectures of Virtual Machines (5) Figure 3-7. (b) A virtual machine monitor, with multiple instances of (applications, operating system) combinations. Networked User Interfaces (1) Figure 3-8. (a) A networked application with its own protocol. Networked User Interfaces (2) Figure 3-8. (b) A general solution to allow access to remote applications. Example: The XWindow System Figu