从刘知几史通论史家三长.pdf

《育 達 科 大 學 報》 第36 期，民國 102 年 12 月，第121-141 頁 Yu Da Academic Journal Vol.36, December 2013,pp.121-141 從劉知幾《史通》論史家 三長 郭宗南 * 摘要 劉知幾嘗謂「才」、「學」、「識」為史家三長，然其自身之具體實踐乃徵驗於 《史通》，其書乃中國首部史學批評著作，亦為劉氏一生治史之結晶。筆者嘗試 從《史通》正文中，爬梳史家之「史才」、「史學」、「史識」三端。 大抵而言，《史 通》重「尚簡」、「質樸」、「用晦」、「存真」四端，足以佐證「史才」之法；其論 「博學」、「通變」、「類比」之確切，則可釐清「史學」之資；至於「別善惡」以 定褒貶，「辨疑惑」以明真偽 ，庶幾可視為劉知幾「史識」之梗概。由此可知，《史 通》之言，可作為劉氏「史家三長」之詳證。 關鍵字： 劉知幾、史通、史識、史學、史才 * 國立彰化師範大學國文學系博士生 育達科大學報．第36 期．民國102 年12 月 To discuss a historian have to possess three expertise according to the book of Shitong which compiled by Liu Zhiji * Kuo Tsung Nan Abstract Talent, knowledge and perspective are three essential strength that a historian must possess regarding the book of Shitong (literally Generality of Historiography) which compiled by Liu Zhiji. It is the first book of historical criticism in Chinese history and the author (.Liu Zhiji) spent his whole life on researching and studying history. There are four kinds of talents that a historian must possess , according to the book of Shitong. They are to pursuit simplicity of articles; to express thoughts by metaphor, to simplify the style of writing, and to reserve the truth of history. In addition, there are 3 methods for a historian to accumulate his knowledge, which are to broaden one’s horizons, to have an insight into the changeable situation and to be good in using analogy. Moreover, to distinguish different perspective between historians, some guidelines