压力容器培训教材PPT.pptVIP

讨论的问题: 如何减少自然失业率，请给出你的政策建议. 在你的政策建议中哪些是针对摩擦性失业，哪些是针对结构性失业？ 失业时间有多长 大多数劳动者的失业持续时间是短期的，但是在任何一个时间所观察到的大多数失业是长期的。 例子：假设你一年每周都去一次政府失业机构以调查失业者的状况。每周你都会发现4个失业工人，这4个人中的3个在一年都相同，而第4个人每周换一个。 总计55失业工人。其中52个失业1周，3个失业一年。 95%失业者的失业时间为1周结束。大部分失业持续时间是短期的。 考虑失业总量，失业为208周。75%的失业时间是由那些失业1年的人引起的。 The duration of U.S. unemployment, average over 1993-2002 失业者的失业周数 失业者占所有失业者的比重 失业者的失业周数与总失业周数的比重 1-4 39% 6.5% 5-14 31% 20.5% 15 or more 30% 73.0% Except for the material on economic growth (Chapters 7 and 8), this chapter completes our study of the economy’s behavior in the long run, when prices generally are flexible and markets clear. Unemployment is a critical issue in macroeconomics. The PowerPoint presentation of chapter 1 included some data showing that unemployment is statistically associated with many other social problems. Unemployment especially hurts those who are unemployed, but it affects the rest of us, as well. When unemployment is high, those of us who remain employed are likely to experience slower wage increases, a greater sense of economic uncertainty, and a greater likelihood of falling victim to crime (crime rates are correlated with unemployment). Also, the new case study on pp.173-174 shows a significant statistical correlation between a country’s unemployment rate and the happiness of its citizens - including those that are employed. Unemployment represents wasted resources: the higher the unemployment rate, the less labor is involved in the production of goods and services, implying a lower level of output and income in the economy. If you want to solve a problem, you need to first understand its causes. The causes of unemployment can be broken down into long-run and short-run. This chapter focuses on the long-run, particularly the causes of the so-called “natural rate of unemployment.” The natural rate of unemployment is the “normal” unemployment rate the economy experiences when it is neither in a recession nor a boom. Figure 6-1, p.160. T