2-1 Phonetics 英语语言学ppt.pptVIP

* Phonetics 2. Phonology 2.1 The phonic medium of language Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language. 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: From the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics. From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics. From the way sounds travel:how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics. By studying sound waves with the help of spectrographs, acoustic phoneticians find that the same sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical. 2.2.2 Organs of speech articulatory apparatus Throat pharyngeal cavity The oral cavity mouth Nasal cavity nose The pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless. 1.lips 2.teeth 3.teeth ridge (alveolus) 4. Hard palate 5.soft palate(velum) 6.uvula 7.tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10.vocal cords 11.pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity The nasal cavity The nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity. The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasa