2011 teaching notes type 英语专业语言学PPT.docVIP

Chapter 1 introduction 1.Why learn linguistics? 2.What to learn? 3.What’s the difference between linguistics and literature? Definition of linguistics The scientific study or systematic study of languages. Science--linguisticsliterature Process of Linguistic Study Linguistic facts are observed; similarities are found, so generalizations are made; Hypotheses are formulated ; Hypotheses are tested by further observations; A theory is constructed about how language works. Four Principles in Linguistic Study Exhaustiveness 穷尽性 consistency 一致性 Economy 经济性 Objectivity 客观性 Scopes of linguistics General linguistics/Microlinguistics 普通语言学/微观语言学pp.4-5 Macrolinguistics宏观语言学pp.5-7 （interdisciplinary branches of study 交叉学科研究） Microlinguistics The study of language itself; it studies the various aspects of language, including sound, form and meaning. Sound: phonetics, phonology Form: morphology, syntax Meaning: semantics, (pragmatics) Macrolinguistics The study of language in relation to other disciplines (interdisciplinary studies): Psycholinguistics: language and mind, language acquisition, comprehension and production Neurolinguistics: language processing and representation Stylistics: science of literature, etc. Some Linguistic Distinctions 1.Descriptive prescriptive grammars 2.Synchronic diachronic linguistics 共时语言学 历时语言学 3.Langue 语言 parole言语 by Saussure 4.Competence语言能力 performance语言应用 by Chomsky 5.Syntagmatic paradigmatic relations （横）组合关系和（纵）聚合关系 6.Functionalism 功能主义 formalism 形式主义 linguistics vs. traditional grammar 1.Descriptive vs. prescriptive; 2.Oral (speech) vs. written (language) 3. Individual language vs. Latin-based 1.Descriptive prescriptive grammars Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; Prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language A linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe