Chapter 16 Adaptive Filter Implementation TI C5000官方课件.pptVIP

Copyright ? 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved. DSP C5000 Chapter 16 Adaptive Filter Implementation Outline Generalities of Adaptive Filters The coefficients of Adaptive filters are variable with time in order to optimize a given criterion. The most commonly used algorithm to adapt the coefficients is the LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm. Most adaptive filters are implemented as FIR filters, because they are inherently stable. They are widely used in digital communications: Echo cancellation, equalizers ... Diagram and Notations of Adaptive Filters Mean Square Error Solution Gradient Algorithm Gradient of criterion J vs b: Stochastic Gradient Algorithm: LMS The mean values E(e(n)x(n-i)) are not known. In the stochastic gradient algorithm, they are replaced by e(n)x(n-i). The algorithm converges if the adaptation step is small enough. Algorithm named: LMS (Least Mean Square) or Widrow algorithm: LMS Algorithm For each sample, the LMS algorithm: Filters the input using bi Updates the bi coefficients. LMS Algorithm at Each Sample Time FIR Filtering equation: Fixed Point Implementation When LMS adaptive filter is implemented on a fixed point DSP: The precision of calculation is important: If rnd(ei*xn-i) is smaller than the used precision, no adaptation is performed. The precision of convergence depends on: Adaptation step ?: the largest ?, the fastest convergence but the worst precision. The number of coefficients N: the residual error is proportional to N. When N is too large, it may be worth considering using block adaptive filtering. LMS steps Each time iteration (only once): Calculates error en =rn-yn Scale error by adaptation step ?: e’n= ?en. Each time iteration, for each coefficient: Multiply error with signal: ei = e’nxn-i Multiply xn-ibi and accumulate Calculate new coefficients: newbi = bi+ei Update coefficients: bi = newbi. Implementing LMS Algorithm on C54x LMS instruction With LMS instruction, LMS FIR: 2N Cycles per tap. LMS Xmem, Ymem (A) +