physical Chemistry-2009,lu 化学专业英语 教学课件.pptVIP

Physical chemistry物理化学 Work: work is done when an object is moved against an opposing force. it is equivalent to a change in the height of a weight somewhere in the surroundings. Heat: when the energy of a system changes as a result of a temperature difference between it and its surroundings, we say that energy has been transferred as heat. Energy: the energy of a system is its capacity to do work. reaction order （ 反应级数） ?=k[A]a[B]b…the overall order of a reaction with a rate law is the sum of the individual order, a+b+… Factors that affect the rate of reaction: The concentration of the reactants The particle size in heterogeneous reactions The temperature of the reacting system--typically the rate doubles for every 10 degree rise in temperature.（some reactions are affected by light energy instead of heat.） Arrhenius equation lnk=lnA-Ea/RT The addition of a suitable catalyst The collision theory: This states that to react a. particles must collide b. with enough energy to break existing bonds c. and with the correct orientation to bring reactive sites close together. Increasing the temperature of the system: 1.increases the range of kinetic energies; 2.increases the average kinetic energy; 3.increases the population of particles with more than the activation energy. addition of a catalyst can decrease the required activation energy so that a greater population of particles will collide successfully. A catalyst increases the rate without being used up. it does this by providing a reaction pathway with a lower activation energy through: making more collisions have favorable orientation; locally increasing concentrations on its surfaces; providing a series of simple steps rather than one high energy one; providing a better attacking group which is regenerated later; increasing the reactivity of the reactive site. A colloid, or disperse phase, is a dispersion of one material in another. Classification: A