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论旅游合同违约之精神损害赔偿On compensation for mental damage of contract breach of contract
摘 要
作为合同之一种,旅游合同是指旅游者为了获得特定的精神利益而参与旅游
营业人组织的旅游活动并支付旅游费用的合同。与典型性合同不同,旅游合同具
有明显的精神利益属性,如果旅游营业人违反合同约定,必然会损害旅游者的精
神利益。但是,按照传统的合同法理论,违约责任并不包括精神损害赔偿责任,
导致旅游者的正当权益得不到完好的保护,也不利于旅游业的发展。
由国外相关立法及当今司法判例之动向可知,确立旅游合同违约精神损害赔
偿制度为现实所需、大势所趋。对旅游合同违约中的精神损害给予赔偿符合可预
见性规则、符合预期利益与加害给付的损害赔偿之理论、符合完全赔偿规则、符
合法的公平正义之要求,因此建立旅游合同违约精神损害赔偿制度具有正当性。
精神损害赔偿责任构成要件的制度设计应合理衡平旅游者与旅游营业人之间
的利益,实行过错推定的归责原则。承担精神损害赔偿责任应当符合以下要件,
即有违约行为;有精神损害后果并且达到一定程度;违约行为与精神损害后果之
间有因果关系以及行为人被推定为有过错。
基于更有效抑制恶意违约之需要,在确定违约精神损害赔偿的标准时应引入
惩罚性损害赔偿。在确定精神损害赔偿时应结合旅游合同的特点,综合考虑两项
原则,即在对旅游者预期精神利益的损害赔偿上实行以补偿为主、惩罚为辅的原
则,而在对旅游者固有精神利益的损害上实行以抚慰为主、惩罚为辅的原则,并
对赔偿范围及数额进行适当限制。在赔偿数额的计算上,建议不同损害按不同原
则分“部”计量,综合算定。
关键词:旅游合同;违约责任;精神损害赔偿
Abstract
As one kind of the contracts, Tourism contract is a tourist for acquiring a specific
spirit interests through participating the tour activity organized by tour business
person with paying travel expenses. Different from the typical contract, this kind of
contract has an obvious spirit interest attribute, if the tour business person breaches
contract engagement that will injure the spirit interest of traveling by all means. But
according to the traditional theory of contract law, the liability for breach of contract
exclude the liability of mental damage compensation which making the legitimate
rights and interests of tourists are not well-protected, it ’s not conducive to the
development of tourism either .
By foreign legislation and the current jurisprudence trends, we can find that to
establish the system of tourism spiritual damages compensation is a needed by reality
and also irresistible general trend. To compensate the spirit damaged trav
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