地球大气的垂直结构.PDFVIP

第一章、地球大氣的垂直結構 • 地球大氣的垂直結構 • 地球大氣的質量分布 • 地球大氣的組合成份 • / • /AMS/ • http://www.wmo.ch/ 由太空中觀看地球大氣。相對地球而言，地球大氣相當的薄。 圖中遠處淡藍色所顯示即為地球大氣之影像。 外氣層 大氣壓力隨高度迅速減少，在5.5km高度，氣壓為 500mb ，約 有一半的大氣分子集中在此高度以下。 均勻層 異質層 近地表大氣之組合成份 地球大氣 的源起 Volcano: H2O, CO2, SOx 地球大氣的氧和臭氧 地球大氣中的氧氣是如何產生的? • 2H O + hν  2H + O 水分子的光化分解 2 2 2 (dissociation of water by ultraviolet radiation) • H O + CO  {CH O} + O 可見光催化的光合作用 2 2 2 2 (photosynthesis reaction via visible radiation, closely linked with biological processes) 臭氧層的形成 Chapman reaction • O + hν  O1D + O3P 2 • O + O + M  O + M 2 3 • O + hν → O + O 3 2 • O + O → 2 O 3 2 Hydrological cycle/water cycle • The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or H O cycle, describes the 2 continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor). • The water cycle involves the exchange of heat, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the