第二章微生物学教学.ppt

3、原核细胞与真核细胞的定义Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell 3.1 Size and complexity 3.2 Nuclear body 3.3 Cell division 3.4 Cytoplasmic membrane 3.5 Cytoplasmic structures 3.6 Respiratory enzymes and electron transport chains 3.7 Cell wall 3.8 Locomotor organelles a. Prokaryotic : much smaller and more simple than eukaryotic. 　　　　　　surface-to-volume ratio b. Eukaryotic cells require a variety of specialized internal organelles to carry out metabolism(新陈代谢) 3.1 Size and complexity 原核细胞 真核细胞 Eukaryotic cell Bounded by a nuclear membrane having pores connecting it with the endoplasmic reticulum(内质网) Contains one or more paired, linear chromosomes composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone proteins(组蛋白). Nucleolus（核仁）present. Nuclear body is called a nucleus(细胞核) . 真核细胞的细胞核由核被膜、染色质、核仁和核基质等构成。细胞核是细胞遗传信息的贮存、复制和转录的主要部位。 3.2 Nuclear body 核被膜(Nuclear envelope)： Nuclear pore complex:核孔复杂体 Heterochromatin:异染色质 Ribosome:核糖体 染色质(Chromatin)： 染色质中的蛋白质：组蛋白和非组蛋白 组蛋白：富含碱性氨基酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等，易于带负电荷的DNA结合； 组蛋白八聚体：H2A、H2B、H3、H4分子各一对组成，H1起到连接DNA的作用，锁住核小体的进出口，有稳定核小体结构的作用； 非组蛋白：主要是与DNA的复制和转录有关的酶，如DNA聚合酶、RNA聚合酶等。 核仁(Nucleous) 细胞核中没有膜包裹的圆形或椭圆形小体，依附于染色体的位置上，在细胞有丝分裂后期出现，有丝分裂时消失，随细胞周期而产生-消失-产生，是真核细胞中合成rRNA和装配核糖体的部位。 核基质(Nuclear matrix) 即核液，充满于细胞核空间，由蛋白纤维组成的网状结构，且具有支撑细胞核和提供染色质附着点的功能。 Prokaryotic cell Not bounded by a nuclear membrane. Usually contains one circular chromosome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone proteins. No nucleolus(核仁). Nuclear body is called a nucleoid(类核或拟核). 真核细胞的细胞核 Eukaryotic cell By mitosis(有丝分裂)； Sex cells in diploid(双倍体) organisims produced through meiosis(减数分裂)。 Prokaryotic cell Usually by binary fission(二分裂法), no mitosis; Organisms are haploid(单倍体), no meiosis needed. 3.3 Cell division Eukaryotic cell Fluid phospholipid bilayer containing sterols(固醇). Prokaryotic cell Fluid phospholipid bilayer usually lacking sterols . Many bacteria do contain sterol-like molecules. 3.4 Cytoplasmic membrane 是谁，隔开了原始海洋的动荡， 是谁，奏鸣了生命的交响； 是谁，为我