1-压裂液的分类及性能评价方法.ppt

This chart can be used to help select a proper fracturing fluid for a gas well. Important considerations are bottomhole temperature, reservoir pressure, and susceptibility to water damage and fracture conductivity/half-length requirements. B = Borate T = Titanium Z = Zirconium This is a general guideline for selecting a fracture fluid. Each service company may have developed or will develop proprietary fluid systems that will not follow this guideline. If near wellbore restriction (tortuosity) is a significant problem, a rapid crosslink is required to generate higher viscosity near the wellbore. If tortuosity is not evident, the optimum design is to have the crosslink reaction at maximum when the gel is “at the perforations” or just inside the fracture. See the Hydraulic Fracturing: Background and Critical Concepts for additional information on tortuosity. If a fluid is shear sensitive, it does not regain its viscosity after being subjected to high shear rates. Most crosslink reactions are evaluated at the perforation temperature (typically 10°F above the surface fluid temperature) at a time equivalent to the wellbore capacity pump time. There are tradeoffs to both rapid and delayed crosslink times. Each situation should be evaluated to determine the optimum crosslink reaction time. The engineer needs to work closely with the service company to understand fluids. This ensures the treatment is designed and pumped correctly. Using a crosslinked gel system requires special attention to the breaker type and concentration. This table provides a comparison of a borate crosslinker to other popular metal crosslinkers. Temperature - Borates were originally developed for low temperature applications ( 150°F). However, the service companies have developed formulations that can go as high as 300°F. Crosslinking - Borate fluids are in an equilibrium stage. The borate ion is constantly crosslinking and uncrosslinking. The borate ion crosslinks and uncrosslinks every millis