Math 344 Winter 07 Group Theory Part 2 Subgroups and ：数学344冬季07组2亚组和理论部分.pptVIP

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Math 344 Winter 07 Group Theory Part 2 Subgroups and ：数学344冬季07组2亚组和理论部分.ppt

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Math 344 Winter 07 Group Theory Part 2 Subgroups and ：数学344冬季07组2亚组和理论部分

Math 344 Winter 07Group Theory Part 3: Quotient Groups Evens and Odds We know that (Z, +) is a group. We previously observed that this group could be broken up into two pieces to form a two element group: This is a group! The elements are subsets of the original group. You add two subsets together like so: EVENS + ODDS = {n + m ?n ? EVENS m ?ODDS} Flips and Rotations We figured out that we could do the same thing with D8, the group of symmetries of a square: This is a group! The elements are subsets of D8 You multiply two subsets together like so: Flips ? Rotations = {ab ? a?Flips b?Rotations} In general, given two subsets, A and B, of a group G we can define their product as: AB = {ab? a?A b?B} We figured out two other ways to make a 2-element group this way: We could break it into: {I, R2, F, FR2} and {R, R3, FR, FR3} Or we could break it into: {I, R2, FR, FR3} and {R, R3, F, FR2} Breaking D8 into smaller pieces to make a group with 4 elements These groups of subsets are called quotient groups What is needed to be able to construct a quotient group? We found out that: One of the subsets has to be a subgroup All of the subsets have to be the same size The subsets can not overlap All group elements must be used Cosets We figured out how to find all of the subsets given the subgroup: Multiply a group element by the subgroup to get one of your subsets. For example, using the subgroup {I, R2} of D8, we would: Multiply by F (or FR2)to get the subset {F, FR2} Multiply by R (or R3) to get the subset {R, R3} Multiply by FR (or FR3) to get the subset {FR, FR3} These subsets are called the cosets of {I, R2} in D8. Coset notation Let G be a group and H a subgroup of G. Then the set of left cosets of H in G is denoted by G/H = {gH ? g?G} Where given element g in G the coset gH is formed by multiplying g by each element of H. Formally, gH = {gh ? h?H} For practice: Let G = D8, and H = {I, FR}. List all the cosets of H in G. Normal Subgroups We found out t