岩浆岩石学Ch 04 Field Relationships.ppt

Chapter 4: Igneous Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-1. a. Calculated viscosities of anhydrous silicate liquids at one atmosphere pressure, calculated by the method of Bottinga and Weill (1972) by Hess (1989), Origin of Igneous Rocks. Harvard University Press. b. Variation in the viscosity of basalt as it crystallizes (after Murase and McBirney, 1973), Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 84, 3563-3592. c. Variation in the viscosity of rhyolite at 1000oC with increasing H2O content (after Shaw, 1965, Amer. J. Sci., 263, 120-153). Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-2. Volcanic landforms associated with a central vent (all at same scale). Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-3. a. Illustrative cross section of a stratovolcano. After Macdonald (1972), Volcanoes. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1-150. b. Deeply glaciated north wall of Mt. Rainier, WA, a stratovolcano, showing layers of pyroclastics and lava flows. ? John Winter and Prentice Hall. Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-4. Schematic cross section of the Lassen Peak area. After Williams (1932), Univ. of Cal. Publ. Geol. Sci. Bull., 21. Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-5. Cross sectional structure and morphology of small explosive volcanic landforms with approximate scales. After Wohletz and Sheridan (1983), Amer. J. Sci, 283, 385-413. Figure 4-6. a. Maar: Hole-in-the-Ground, Oregon (upper courtesy of USGS, lower my own). b. Tuff ring: Diamond Head, Oahu, Hawaii (courtesy of Michael Garcia). c. Scoria cone, Surtsey, Iceland, 1996 (? courtesy Bob and Barbara Decker). Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-7. Schematic cross section through a lava dome. Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-8. Pressure ridges on the surface of Big Obsidian Flow, Newberry Volcano, OR. Flow direction is toward the left. ? John Winter and Prentice Hall. Structures and Field Relationships Figure 4-9. Development of the Crater Lake caldera. After Bacon (1988). Crat