岩浆岩石学Ch 08 Major Elements.ppt

Chapter 8: Major Elements “Wet-chems”: gravimetric/volumetric Chapter 8: Major Elements Modern Spectroscopic Techniques Major elements: usually greater than 1% SiO2 Al2O3 FeO* MgO CaO Na2O K2O H2O Minor elements: usually 0.1 - 1% TiO2 MnO P2O5 CO2 Trace elements: usually 0.1% everything else CIPW Norm Mode is the volume % of minerals seen Norm is a calculated “idealized” mineralogy Variation Diagrams Ternary Variation Diagrams Example: AFM diagram (alkalis-FeO*-MgO) Models of Magmatic Evolution Harker diagram Smooth trends Model with 3 assumptions: 1 Rocks are related by FX 2 Trends = liquid line of descent 3 The basalt is the parent magma from which the others are derived Extrapolate BA ? B and further to low SiO2 K2O is first element to ? 0 (at SiO2 = 46.5) Magma Series Can chemistry be used to distinguish families of magma types? Early on it was recognized that some chemical parameters were very useful in regard to distinguishing magmatic groups Total Alkalis (Na2O + K2O) Silica (SiO2) and silica saturation Alumina (Al2O3) Figure 8-1. The geometry of typical spectroscopic instruments. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Element Wt % Oxide Atom % O 60.8 Si 59.3 21.2 Al 15.3 6.4 Fe 7.5 2.2 Ca 6.9 2.6 Mg 4.5 2.4 Na 2.8 1.9 Abundance of the elements in the Earth’s crust A typical rock analysis Wt. % Oxides to Atom % Conversion Oxide Wt. % Mol Wt. Atom prop Atom % SiO 2 49.20 60.09 0.82 12.25 TiO 2 1.84 95.90 0.02 0.29 Al 2 O 3 15.74 101.96 0.31 4.62 Fe 2 O 3 3.79 159.70 0.05 0.71 FeO 7.13 71.85 0.10 1.48 MnO 0.20 70.94 0.00 0.04 MgO 6.73 40.31 0.17 2.50 CaO 9.47 56.08 0.17 2.53 Na 2 O 2.91 61.98 0.09 1.40 K 2 O 1.10 94.20 0.02 0.35 H 2 O + 0.95 18.02 0.11 1.58 (O) 4.83 72.26 Total 99.06 6.69 100.00 Must multiply by # of cations in oxide ? Table 8-3. Chemical analyses of some representative igneous rocks Peridotite Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Phonolite SiO2 42.26 4