岩浆岩石学Ch 10 Magma Generation.ppt

Origin of Basaltic Magma Geology 346- Petrology 2 principal types of basalt in the ocean basins Tholeiites are generated at mid-ocean ridges Also generated at oceanic islands, subduction zones Alkaline basalts generated at ocean islands Also at subduction zones Sources of mantle material Ophiolites Slabs of oceanic crust and upper mantle Thrust at subduction zones onto edge of continent Dredge samples from oceanic fracture zones Nodules and xenoliths in some basalts Kimberlite xenoliths Diamond-bearing pipes blasted up from the mantle carrying numerous xenoliths from depth Lherzolite: A type of peridotite with Olivine Opx + Cpx Phase diagram for aluminous 4-phase lherzolite: How does the mantle melt?? 1) Increase the temperature 2) Lower the pressure Adiabatic rise of mantle with no conductive heat loss Decompression melting could melt at least 30% 3) Add volatiles (especially H2O) Fraction melted is limited by availability of water Heating of amphibole-bearing peridotite 1) Ocean geotherm 2) Shield geotherm Melts can be created under realistic circumstances Plates separate and mantle rises at mid-ocean ridges Adibatic rise ? decompression melting Hot spots ? localized plumes of melt Fluid fluxing may give LVL Also important in subduction zones and other settings Generation of tholeiitic and alkaline basalts from a chemically uniform mantle Variables (other than X) Temperature Pressure Pressure effects: Liquids and residuum of melted pyrolite Initial Conclusions: Tholeiites favored by shallower melting 25% melting at 30 km ? tholeiite 25% melting at 60 km ? olivine basalt Tholeiites favored by greater % partial melting 20 % melting at 60 km ? alkaline basalt incompatibles (alkalis) ? initial melts 30 % melting at 60 km ? tholeiite Crystal Fractionation of magmas as they rise Primary magmas Formed at depth and not subsequently modified by FX or Assimilation Criteria Highest Mg# (100Mg/(Mg+Fe)) really ? parental magma Experimental results of lherzolite melts Mg#