[英语考试]L1 Grammatical Hierarchy -- Morphemes.pptVIP

Lecture 1 Grammatical Hierarchy What is grammar? 1. The sun evaporates water. 2. Water is evaporated. 3. Water evaporates. 4. Someone dropped a pen. 5. A pen was dropped. 6. A pen dropped. active voice; passive voice middle voice When it is used, the object of a transitive clause becomes the subject of an intransitive clause. a. The host opened the fair on March 17. b. The fair was opened on March 17. c. The fair opened on March 17. There may be no doers at all, and even if there are doers, the actions are often not done deliberately or intentionally by the doers. a. She baked the cake for an hour. b. The cake was baked for an hour. c. The cake baked for an hour. English grammar is the body of rules describing the properties of the English language. A language is such that its elements must be combined according to certain patterns. A history of English grammar The first English grammar: Pamphlet for Grammar Written by William Bullokar in 1586 Many English grammars were written in Latin. John Wallis’s Grammatica Lingu? Anglican? (1685) was the last English grammar written in Latin Two types of grammar: Descriptive grammar: usually based on a systematic analysis of a large text corpus and describing grammatical structures thereupon Prescriptive grammar: attempting to use the identified rules of a given language as a tool to govern the linguistic behaviour of speakers The first Chinese grammar book 马建忠 (1844-1900) 1898年 该书以西方语文的语法为本，对照从古书中精选的例句，研究古汉语的语法规律，创建了一套汉语的语法体系，是奠定汉语语法学基础的开山之作，对后世汉语语法研究产生了巨大影响。 《马氏文通》是中国关于汉语语法的第一部系统性著作。这本著作开建了中国的语法学。 全书分10卷。卷一讲正名，介绍主要的术语，相当于本书的语法大纲。卷二至卷九依次论述各类实词和虚词。卷十论句读，是句法的总论。 从经、史、子、集中选出例句，参考拉丁语法，研究古代汉语的结构规律，为中国第一部较全面系统的语法著作。 Grammatical Hierarchy 1. Morphemes 1.1 Morphemes A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morpheme