[工学]2-phone_ATM_GSM_Internet_signalling.ppt

Part 1: Common network/protocol functions Goals: identify, study common architectural components, protocol mechanisms synthesis: big picture depth: important topics not covered in an intro course Overview: signaling: telephone net, Internet, ATM net state mangement (signaling) randomization indirection multiplexing virtualization design for scale Signaling before, during, after connection/call call setup and teardown (state) call maintenance (state) measurement, billing (state) between: end-user - network end-user - end-user network element - network element Examples SS7 (Signaling System no. 7): telephone network Q.2931: ATM RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): Internet other Internet examples: end-user - network end-user - end-user network element - network element Telephone Network Central Office and Local Loop each phone user (subscriber) has direct connection to switch in central office (local loop) local loop length 1 - 10 km central office switch: (local) exchange company providing local telephone service: local exchange carrier, LEC (e.g., Verizon) PBX PBX (Private Branch Exchange) telephone system within enterprise: switches internal calls on local lines users share (multiplex) fixed # external lines to central office, saving per-user line cost to central office Long-haul network toll switches: long-distance connectivity over long distance trunks ~500 toll switches in US toll switch runs 100,000+ phone calls How is voice transmitted ? Two ways: analog voice transmission: voice channel allocated bandwidth of 3.5 kHz digital voice transmission: analog voice stream converted to digital stream standard scheme: 8000 8 bit samples The digital phone network Until 1960s: analog telephone network frequency-division multiplexing Today: local loop analog (typically) rest of network digital (based on TDM) When do we get all digital network? ISDN (Integrated services Digital Network): all digital circuit switching technolog