04 怎样写好英语段落.doc

怎样写好英语段落段落结构　　段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成,是文章结构的基本独立单位。1. 主题句　　主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：　　My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents；they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children；they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses；they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers；they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words：Dont argue.　　主题句中提出的 “certain rules” 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个 “Dont argue ——” 逐一加以交代。从结构来看,这是一个比较典型的段落,它包括了主题句,推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。　　1.1 主题句的位置　　主题句通常放在段落的开端,其特点是开门见山地摆出问题,然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰,更具说服力,便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。在四级考试中,考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。　　例1： （主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.　　以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句,直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题,接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持,指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品,理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理,并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然,步步紧扣主题。　　1.2 如何写好主题句中的关键词　　段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。我们看下列例句：　　原句1： He can fix a bicycle himself.　　斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容,并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开,是用因果关系法还是用分类法？　　修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.　　修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.　　原句2： She tries to improve her looks.　　斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。　　修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.　　修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.　　1.3 如何写好主题句的中心思想　　主题句由两部分组成,即主题（top