[高等教育]Chapter 4 供给与需求的市场力量.ppt

第四章chapter 4 供给与需求的市场力量 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 供给与需求的市场力量The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 供给与需求是经济学家最常用的两个术语。Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. 供给与需求是推动市场经济运转的力量所在。Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. 现代微观经济学研究供给、需求和市场均衡。 Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. 市场Markets 一个市场就是由某种商品或服务的买者和卖者组成的群体。 A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. 术语供给和需求指人们的行为……当他们在市场中相互作用时。 The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets. 市场Markets 买方决定需求。 Buyers determine demand. 市场类型：竞争市场Market Type: A Competitive Market 竞争性市场是这样一个市场…… A competitive market is a market. . . ……拥有众多买者和卖者 with many buyers and sellers. ……不受任何一个人操纵 that is not controlled by any one person. ……买者和卖者所遵循的价格被确定在窄小的范围内 in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon. 竞争：完全竞争与否Competition: Perfect and Otherwise 物品完全相同。 Products are the same. 买者、卖者如此众多以至于个人无法对价格施加影响。 Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over price. 买者、卖者都是价格接受者。 Buyers and Sellers are price takers. 竞争：完全竞争与否Competition: Perfect and Otherwise 垄断 Monopoly 只有一个卖者，它控制价格 One seller, and seller controls price 寡头 Oligopoly 少数几个卖者 Few sellers 竞争：完全竞争与否Competition: Perfect and Otherwise 需求Demand 需求量是买者愿意而且能够购买的商品数量。 Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing an