[管理学]第二章 管理今昔.pptVIP

Chapter 2 MANAGEMENT YESTERDAY AND TODAY 管理今昔 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E  L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Understanding Organizational Behavior Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB. Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the field of management. The Systems Approach Describe an organization using the systems approach. The Contingency Approach Explain how the contingency approach differs from the early theories of management. Current Issues and Trends Explain why we need to look at the current trends and issues facing managers. Ⅰ.Historical Background of Management 有关管理思想的最早记载，是《圣经》中的一个例子。希伯莱(今以色列)人的领袖摩西在率领希伯莱人摆脱埃及人的奴役而出走的过程中，他的岳父叶忒罗对他处理政务事必躬亲，东奔西忙的做法提出了批评，并向他建议： 一、制定法令，昭告民众； 二、建立等级、授权委任管理； 三、责成专人专责管理，问题尽量处理在下面，只有最重 要的政务才提交摩西处理。 这位叶忒罗可以说是人类最早的管理咨询人员了。他建议摩西采用的，就是我们现在常用的授权原理和例外原理，同时也体现了现代管理当中的管理宽度原理。  Ⅰ.Historical Background of Management 1.Ancient Management Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) Venetians (floating warship assembly lines) 2.Adam Smith(亚当.斯密） Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776 Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers. Example: production of a pins factory 3.Industrial Revolution Substituted machine power for human labor （机器代替人力） Development of Major Management Theories in 1900’s Ⅱ.Scientific Management 1.Fredrick Winslow Taylor（泰罗） The “father” of scientific management Published Principles of Scientific Management（《科学管理原理》） (1911) The theory of scientific management Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done: Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. Having a standardized method of doing the job. Providing an economic incentive to the worker. 2.Taylor’s Four Principles of Management 泰勒科学管理的主要内容 （1）工作定额。 （2）能力与工作相适应。 （3）标准化。 （4）差别计件付酬制。 （5）计划和执行相分离。 （6）主张实行例外原则。 2.甘特 研究生产管理，器量标准，发明了甘特图 甘特图（Gantt chart）是在20