指谓不透明性与模态ReferentialOpacityandmodality.PDF

Referential Opacity and Modality 台灣科技大學通識學科 兼任助理教授 林景銘 中文摘要 當一個單詞(singular term) 出現在指謂不透明的脈絡(referentially opaque context) 中 ，則不能用等同的單詞取代(substitute) 。「『蘇東坡』中的 『東坡』是 一道菜名的來源」在引號中的蘇東坡不能用蘇軾取代 ，因為引號是指謂不透明 的。奎恩(W. V. Quine)以 「相信…」、「必然的…」、「可能的…」做為指謂不透明 的例子 (Quine 1943-1947: 148-149)。等同的取代原則可以用來考查一語言表式是 指謂透明的(referential transparent)還是指謂不透明的 。如果一個單稱語句中的單 詞是在指謂不透明的脈絡中 ，則不能以這個單詞對單稱語句進行存在普遍化 (existential generalization) 。模態脈絡是指謂不透明的 ，因此量限的模態邏輯 (quantified modal logic) 會遭遇到困難。弗列斯達(Dagfinn Føllesdal)在他的博士論 文(Føllesdal 1961)中，試圖解決這些困難 。本文除了討論其中一個困難之外 ，還 討論弗列斯達的解決方式 。 關鍵詞 奎恩 、指謂的透明性 、指謂的不透明性 、等同的取代 、單詞 、模態脈絡 Abstract When a singular term occurs in referential opaque context, it can not be substituted by other identified singular term. “The word ‘Dong-po ’in ‘Su Dong-po ’is the reason why Dongpo Pork is called.” The name Su Dong-po in the quotation can not be substituted by the name Su Shi, since quotations are referentially opaque. W. V. Quine provides ‘believe that ’, ‘it is necessary that ’and ‘it is possible that’as cases of referential opacity. The principle of substitutivity for identity can be used to investigate whether an expression is referentially transparent or referentially opaque. If a singular term in a singular sentence is in the referentially opaque context, then we cannot apply existential generalization on the sentence for that singular term. Modal contexts are referentially opaque, therefore quantified modal logic meet the difficulties. Dagfinn Føllesdal attempted to resolve those difficulties in his dissertation. In this topic, one of those difficulties are discussed, and also Føllesdal’s resolution. Key terms Quine, referential transparency, referential opacity, substitutivity of identity, singular term, modal context 1 Introduction The principle of substitutivity is one of the fundamental pri