土石坝的特征及筑坝技术控制.docxVIP

附 录英文论文The characteristics of earth-rock DAMS and technical control1. selection of embankment type In general, there are two types of embankment dams: earth （earth fill dam） and rock fill（rock fill dam）. The selection is dependent upon the usable materials from the required excavation and available borrow. It should be noted that rock fills can shade into soil fills depending upon the physical character of the rock and that no hard and fast system of classification can be made. Rocks which are soft and will easily break down under the action of excavation and placement can be classified with earth fills. Rocks which are hard and will not break down significantly are treated as rock fills. The selection and the design of an earth embankment are based upon the judge ment and experience of the designer and is to a large extent of an empirical nature. The various methods of stability and seepage analysis are used mainly to confirm the engineer’s judge ment2. freeboard All earth dams must have sufficient extra height known as freeboard to prevent overtopping by the pool. The freeboard must be of such height that wave action, wind setup, and earthquake effects will not result in overtopping of the dam. In addition to freeboard, an allowance must be made for settlement of the embankment and the foundation which will occur upon completion of the embankment.3. top width The width of the earth dam top is generally controlled by the required width of fill for ease of construction using conventional equipment. In general, the top width should not be less than 30 ft. if a danger exists of an overtopping wave caused either by massive landslides in the pool or by seismic block tipping, then extra top width of erosion resistive fill will be required.4.alignment The alignment of an earth fill dam should be such as to minimize construction costs but such alignment should not be such as to encourage sliding or cracking of the embankment. Normally the shortest straight line across th