创新区域集群和Milieux【外文翻译】.doc

本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Innovative Regions,Clusters and Milieux 出 处：Innovation System Frontiers Advances in Spatial Science, 2009, 33-58 作 者： Brian Wixted 原 文： 3.3 The Geography of Agglomeration Comparing how(sub-national)regional strengths evolve across time has been,very difficult until quite recently,in comparison to analysing national development trends due to data limitations. There is a growing opportunity for improved analysis of regional activities,advantages and trends as national statistical agencies focus more of their effort on collecting data at various spatial scales. Across the European Union,there is multi-country structural pattern of uneven regional development.Combes and Overman(2003)identify a strong pattern of core and periphery5 regions.When analysed for their proximity to markets(GDPper capita),regions in Western Germany,Northern France and South East England are revealed as the concentrated zone of value added(GDP)for Europe.The authors reveal that beyond this core there is a graduated drop in GDP per capita as distance increases.In these EU economies,regional income converged between countries in the period 1980 to 1999,but regional income disparities within countries widened(see Le Gallo and Dall’erba 2003).Interestingly,the degree of industry concentration in the USA(at state level)and Europe’s regions6 is not significantly different,but in Europe,the trend has been towards greater regional concentration more rapidly than in the USA(see Andaluz et al.2002). The underlying drivers of such trends are still hotly debated.There are many arguments for the economic significance of regional concentrations but one of the more important ones is that knowledge generation is spatially agglomerated and knowledge diffuses poorly across distance(see the next section on theories of proximity).The cumulative nature of knowledge(explored in Chap.2)and the link between the generation of knowledge an