[计算机]1-内部存储器.pdf

Lecture 2 内存储器件性能改进及 面向外部I/O的CACHE设计问题 存储系统性能在计算机中的地位日趋重要，主要原因？ •①诺伊曼体系结构是建筑在存储程序概念的基础上， 访存操作约占中央处理器（CPU ）时间的70 ％左右。 •②存储管理与组织的好坏影响到整机效率。 •③现代的信息处理，如图像处理、数据库、知识库、 语音识别、多媒体等对存储系统的要求很高。 • 计算机系统设计中 存在问题与解决方法 存储系统性能在计算机中的地位日趋重要，主要原因？ •④计算与存储发展速度落差，导致存储系统研究更加 重要 • 主频— 多核，多CPU—并行; the amount of memory per processor has gone down over the last few years from 2-4 GB/processor on most ASC machines to .25GB/processor on BG/L. Memory per Teraflop, from around 1Terabyte (TB) /TF to about .1 TB /TF. • In the past 50 years, the performance of individual processors has gone up by 4-5 orders of magnitude. • Disk drives have become far more dense over the past five decades. • The graph shows the relative density of the original disk drive, the IBM RAMAC 1956 versus a recent state of the art Seagate 15k RPM 2.5 inch 73 gigabyte disk drive. • Disk capacity has grown : five orders of magnitude in 50 years; approximately the same change as in CPU speeds. the disk drive data transfer rate speed up over the past 50 years • Data transfer rates have increased only about two orders of magnitude. • disk transfer rates normalized to byte of storage capacity (which would be roughly equivalent to normalizing to processing power as well given the similarities between the growth of disk capacity and CPU speed). • 磁盘数传率性能下降约2个数量级. Just as in the case of transfer rate to density, this means that it takes two orders of magnitude more disk drives per CPU to do the same relative workload in a balanced way than 50 years ago! • the seek performance has gone up by about two orders of magnitude. • The seek rate per drive density performance of disk drives 下降2个数量级. This means that it takes two orders of magnitude more disk drives per CPU to do the same relative workload in a balanced way than 50 years ago! • These changes -effects on the I/O and File Syste