Manual Drivetrains and Axles Fourth Edition(PPT-119)文档.pptVIP

OBJECTIVESAfter studying Chapter 4, the reader should be able to: 1. Describe how the proper grade of gasoline affects engine performance. 2. List gasoline purchasing hints. 3. Discuss how volatility affects driveability. 4. Explain how oxygenated fuels can reduce CO exhaust emissions. 5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various alternative fuels. AUTOMOTIVE FUEL REFININGPetroleum (meaning rock oil) crude can be as thin and light colored as apple cider or as thick and black as melted tar. Thin crude oil has a high American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity and, therefore, is called high-gravity crude and thick crude oil is called low-gravity crude. High-gravity-type crude contains more natural gasoline and its lower sulfur and nitrogen contents make it easier to refine. Low-sulfur crude oil is also known as “sweet” crude and high-sulfur crude oil is also known as “sour.” Processes Refining is a complex combination of interdependent processing units, Called distillation. DistillationDistillation works because crude is composed of hydrocarbons with a wide range of molecular weights and, therefore, a broad range of boiling points. Each product was assigned a temperature range and the product was obtained by condensing the vapor that boiled off in this range at atmospheric pressure (atmospheric distillation). The earliest crude stills were simple pot stills consisting of a container where crude was heated and a condenser to condense the vapor. Later, distillation became a continuous process with a pump to provide crude flow, a furnace to heat the crude, and a distillation column to separate the different boiling cuts. Cracking The discovery that hydrocarbons with higher boiling points could be broken down (cracked) into lower-boiling hydrocarbons by subjecting them to very high temperatures offered a way to correct the mismatch between supply and demand. This process, thermal cracking, was used to increase gasoline production star