[日语学习]Introduction to biological statistics.ppt

Biological statistics Li, Xinhai Text books Introduction to biological statistics History Contents Data in biology Descriptive statistics Biostatistics or biometry biostatistics and biometry are sometimes used interchangeably biometry is more often used of biological or agricultural applications biostatistics is more often used of medical applications. What is statistics? Statistics is the science of describing or making inferences about the world from a sample of data. Descriptive statistics are numerical estimates that organize and sum up or present the data. Inferential statistics is the process of inferring from a sample to the population. History John Graunt (1620-1674) and William Petty (1623-1687): census, longevity, and mortality Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) and Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665), Jacques Bernoulli (1654-1705): probability theory Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754): combine the statistics with probability theory; approximate the normal distribution though the expansion of the binomial distribution Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) (Germany): least square Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874) (Belgium): significance of constancy of large numbers (The Quetelet index is the internationally used measure of obesity) Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): graphic presentation of statistics Francis Galton Francis Galton (1822-1911) (father of biometry and eugenics): ANOVA, regression, correlation African Explorer and elected Fellow in the Royal Geographic Society Creator of the first weather maps and establisher of the meteorological theory of anticyclones Coined term eugenics and phrase nature versus nurture Developed statistical concepts of correlation and regression to the mean Discovered that fingerprints were an index of personal identity and persuaded Scotland Yard to adopt a fingerprinting system First to utilize the survey as a method for data collection Produced over 340 papers and books throughout his lifetime Knighted in 1909 Karl Pearson Karl Pe