[]英语语言学--语用学.pptVIP

Chapter Eight Pragmatics Teaching focuses: 1. The difference between pragmatics and semantics 2. Sentence meaning and utterance meaning. 3.Speech act theory. 4.The theory of conversational implicature 5.The cooperative principle and its four maxims 1. ??? An introduction to pragmatics There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. But after we have analyzed the sentence grammatically, we find there is still something unsaid. “He went to the town yesterday” Eg. Who is “he”？ Where is the “town”？ What day is “yesterday”？ If we divide meaning into two major sides: the side more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meaning (which is studied under the heading of semantics) and the side more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extra ( which is studied under the heading of pragmatics). that is, pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics Pragmatics includes the study of : （a）How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world. （b）How speakers use and understand speech acts （c）How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. 1.1. A definition to “pragmatics” —The study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used. 语用学中研究的意义，与我们语义学中研究的意义不同，对它更多的解释更多地依赖于说话人是谁，听话人是谁，什么时候在什么地方说这句话。总之就是取决于语境。 1.2. Sentence meaning and Utterance meaning Utterance meaning—the meaning a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. In terms of the contexts or situations, the following sentence can be understood in different ways: “My watch has stopped again.” Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of sentence meaning in a context of situation. 1