[企业管理]Ch2 The economic Environment.ppt

A. The Economic Environment of the World B. Economic Environment of Individual Country A. The Economic Environment of the World Ⅰ. The World Economy – An Overview 世界经济概述 The most fundamental change is the emergence of global markets The new realities during the past two decades: A. Capital movements have replaced trade as the driving force of the world economy B. Production has become uncoupled from employment生产与就业相脱离 (制造业) C. The world economy, not individual countries, is the dominating factor由世界经济而非单个国家的经济 控制局面 The World Economy – An Overview The new realities: D. 75-year struggle between capitalism and socialism has almost ended. 75年的冷战已结束 F. E-Commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers and forces companies to re-evaluate business models 电子商务弱化了国界的重要性，迫使企业重新评价商业模式 Ⅱ. Economic Systems 经济体制 Market Capitalism市场经济 Centrally planned socialism计划经济 Centrally planned capitalism资本主义计划经济 Market socialism社会主义市场经济 Market Capitalism 市场经济 Individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned Driven by consumers Government should promote competition among firms and ensure consumer protection Examples: the U.S., Western Europe Centrally Planned Socialism 计划经济 Opposite of market capitalism State holds broad powers to serve the public interest; decides what goods and services are produced and in what quantities Consumers can spend on what is available Government owns entire industries (特征) Demand typically exceeds supply Little reliance on product differentiation, advertising, pricing strategy Examples: China before 1992, the former Soviet Union Centrally-Planned Capitalism 资本主义计划经济 Economic system in which command resource allocation is used extensively in an environment of private resource ownership。在私有资源环境中大幅依靠指令配置资源的体制 Examples: Sweden Market Socialism社会主义市场经济 Economic system in which market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership 允许在整体国有的环境中采取市场配置的