英语句子成分及基本结构课件.ppt

英语句子成分及基本结构 （一）句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）； 次要成分有表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补足语(complement)和同位语(appositive)。 （二）句子的具体成分 主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 谓语(predicate) 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： ?1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.?2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 表语(predicative) 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 宾语(object) 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后 面。例如： ?They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）?The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）?How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）?They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）?He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）?I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）?I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语补足语(complement of object) 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 定语(attributive) 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： ?Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）?China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） ?There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）?His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）?Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）?The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）?He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） He is reading a book that he has never read.（定语从句） 状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： ?Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）?He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）?He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）?He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短