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Electrical Machines And Electrical Apparatus 1. Construction and Principles of Power Transformer Transformer is an indispensable component in many energy conversion systems. It makes possible electric generation at the most economical generator voltage, power transfer at the most economical transmission voltage, and power utilization at the most suitable voltage for the particular utilization device. The transformer is also widely used in low-power, low-current electronic and control circuits for performing such functions as matching the impedances of a source and its load for maximum power transfer, isolating one circuit from another, or isolating direct current while maintaining alternating current continuity between two circuits. Essentially, a transformer consists of two or more windings coupled by mutual magnetic flux. If one of these windings, the primary is connected to an alternating voltage source, an alternating flux will be produced whose amplitude will depend on the primary voltage, the frequency of the applied voltage, and the number of turns. The mutual flux will link the other winding, the secondary and will induce a voltage in it whose value will depend on the number of the secondary turns as well as the magnitude of the flux and the frequency. By properly proportioning the primary and the secondary turns, almost any desired voltage ratio, or ratio of transformation, can be obtained. The essence of transformer action requires only the existence of time-varying mutual flux linking two windings. Such action can occur for two windings coupled through air, but coupling between the windings can be made much more effectively using a core of iron or other ferromagnetic material, because most of the flux is then confined to a definite, high-permeability path linking the windings. Such a transformer is commonly called an iron-core transformer. Most transformers are of this type. The following discussion is concerned almost wholly with iron-core transformer. I