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Computer Networks 53 (2009) 2396–2407 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computer Networks journal homepage: /locate/comnet A trust model based on fuzzy recommendation for mobile ad-hoc networks Junhai Luo a,b,*, Xue Liu b, Mingyu Fan a a School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China b School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal Canada H3A 2A7 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: In a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) environment, intermediate nodes on a communica- Received 30 May 2008 tion path are expected to forward packets of other nodes so that the mobile nodes can com- Received in revised form 11 February 2009 municate beyond their wireless transmission range. However, because mobile nodes are Accepted 19 April 2009 usually constrained by limited energy, bandwidth and computational power, a selfish node Available online 3 May 2009 may be unwilling to spend its resources in forwarding packets which are not of its direct Responsible Editor: J. Misic interest, even though it expects other nodes to forward its packets to the destination. Selfish behavior of autonomous network nodes could greatly disrupt network operation and degrade the overall performance of a non-cooperative ad-hoc network. Nodes have to man- Keywords: Mobile ad-hoc network (MA