Approaching space in Tiriy grammar推荐.pdfVIP

9 Approaching space in Tiriy´o grammar ´ Sergio Meira 9.1 Introduction: Tiriy´o and its speakers Tiriy´o is a language of the Taranoan (Tiriy´o) subbranch of the Cariban language family (Kaufman 1994, Gildea 1998, Derbyshire 1999, Meira 1999a). It has approximately 2,000 speakers living in several villages scattered on both sides of the Brazil–Surinam border in northern Amazonia (the dialect described in the present work is typical of the Miss˜ao Tiri´os area in Brazil). Extensive descrip- tions of Tiriy´o grammar are Meira 1999a (published as 2006) and Carlin 2004; earlier studies, dealing mostly with some aspects of the morphology, include an unpublished manuscript by Claude Leavitt, a missionary, and De Goeje’s grammar sketch (1909). More specific aspects of the language are discussed in Carlin 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, Meira 1997, 1998, 1999a, 1999b, 2000b, 2000c, 2001, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b, and a historical perspective is given in Meira 2000a.1 ¨ The word tareno [taə :no] (etymologically, ‘someone from here, a local per- son’) is normally used as an autodenomination, though it can, on occasion, be extended to other Amerindians (but not to Westerners, Mestizos, or Blacks). ¨ ¨ The word tırıjo [t :jo] is used by people from neighbouring groups, and in its ´ westernized versions Tiriyo in Brazil and Trio in Surinam, by non-Amerindians. 1 The following abbreviations are used: 1, 2, 3 – 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, 3R – 3rd person reflexive (coreferential), 1 + 2 – 1st person dual inclusive, ALLAT – allative, ANA – anaphoric, ANIM – animate, AUGM – augmentative, COL – collective (number), CONT – continuous, COP – copula, CTY – certainty, DETR – detransitivizer, DIM – diminutive, DBT – doubt, DUR – durative, EMPH – emphatic, ERG – ergative, EXIST – existential, FIG – Figure, FRUST – frustrative, GR – Ground, HO