[农学]第六章 植物花粉花药培养.pptVIP

* 第六章 植物花粉花药培养 Rice androgenesis. 一、花粉及花药培养（Pollen Culture and Anther Culture） 离体条件下对植物的花粉或花药进行培养获得单倍体植株的技术。 最早是在1964年由印度植物学家Guha 和Maheshiwari在毛叶曼佗罗（Datura innoxia)的花药培养中成功获得单倍体植株。 目前已在250多种植物中由花药或花粉培养获得单倍体植株。 www.desicca.de/.../hauptteil_figure_85.html （1）基础理论上研究的利用 （2）单倍体育种 A. 获得纯合二倍体； B. 缩短育种年限； C. 远缘杂种的培育； D. 与诱变育种结合获得新品种。 花粉花药培养的技术应用： （一）花药培养:Anther culture is the process of using anthers to culture haploid plantlets. 固体培养—液体培养 A.液体培养： B.双层培养： C.分步培养： D.条件培养： 1、培养方式： 2. 培养条件： （1）培养基类型 MS、Miller、Nitsh、H、N6、W14等。 （2）激素及生长调节剂 早期要求生长素促进分裂， 后期细胞分裂素促进花粉植株的形成。 （3）碳源及其他成分 高浓度蔗糖等，要求较低的铵态氮、氨基酸等。 （4）温度和光照：前期要求高温，光照条件要求不高。 醋酸洋红染色镜检花粉发育时期。大多数植物以单核后期花粉适宜花药培养。 3.选择适宜的花粉发育时期： 4. 花粉植株的诱导： （1）胚状体途径 直接形成胚状体 （2）愈伤组织途径 形成愈伤组织然后分化出不定芽等器官，最后发育成完整植株。 Figure - Segmentation pattern of in vitro wheat pollen observed from the 1st to 14th day of anther culture. The figure shows that a uninucleated microspore may degenerate before division, (a) or may give rise, by mitosis, to normal binucleated grain presenting vegetative and generative nuclei (b). Identical nuclei are formed in low frequency (c). The first mitotic division occurs at the 4th day of culture. The normal binucleated pollen may follow the normal in situ developmental pattern forming starch and then, degenerate (d). The second mitotic division takes place at the 6-8th and at the 10th day of culture. In the androgenetic pollen, the vegetative, generative or both nuclei are able to divide giving rise to an embryo (e, f, g). In pollen with identical nuclei, both cells contribute to androgenesis (h). Pollen degeneration can occur in any step of this process. At the 14th day, multicellular structures can be seen (i). Figure - Synthetic model for androgenesis. Stress operating at two changing points can modify the normal development of pollen grain, that became competent for embryogenesis. This potential would be dependent on sporophytic information kept in the cytoplasm, which normal