[理学]有机英文课件Chap1.pptVIP

1. Structure and Bonding Based on McMurry’s Organic Chemistry, 6th edition, Chapter 1 Organic Chemistry “Organic” – until mid 1800’s referred to compounds from living sources (mineral sources were“inorganic”) W?hler in 1828 showed that urea, an organic compound, could be made from a minerals Today, organic compounds are those based on carbon structures and organic chemistry studies their structures and reactions ?? Includes biological molecules, drugs, solvents, dyes ?? Does not include metal salts and materials (inorganic) ?? Does not include materials of large repeating molecules without sequences (polymers 1.1 Atomic Structure Structure of an atom Positively charged nucleus (very dense, protons and neutrons) and smal (10-15 m) ??Negatively charged electrons are in a cloud (10-10 m) around nucleus Diameter is about 2 × 10-10 m (200 picometers (pm)) [the unit angstrom (?) is 10-10 m = 100 pm] Atomic Number and Atomic Mass The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the atoms nucleus The mass number (A) is the number of protons plus neutrons All the atoms of a given element have the same atomic number Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers The atomic mass (atomic weight) of an element is the weighted average mass in atomic mass units (amu) of an element抯 naturally occurring isotopes 1.2 Atomic Structure: Orbitals Quantum mechanics: describes electron energies and locations by a wave equation Wave function solution of wave equation Each Wave function is an orbital,ψ A plot of ψ2 describes where electron most likely to be Electron cloud has no specific boundary so we show most probable area Shapes of Atomic Orbitals for Electrons Four different kinds of orbitals for electrons based on those derived for a hydrogen atom Denoted s, p, d, and f ?? s and p o