geodynamics 地球动力学与板块运动.pdfVIP

Plate dynamics • Kinematics = description of motion (rigid rotation or deformation) • Dynamics = forces (stresses) responsible for these motions • Rheology = mechanical properties of Earth’s material, determine their response to stress ⇒“dynamics = kinematics + rheology” Heat and its transport in the Earth • The fundamental energy source within the Earth is heat, primarily provided by radioactive decay (U, Th). • Radiation – Evacuation of heat by electromagnetic radiation – Ex. Lava flow looses heat by radiating ⇒red color – Inside the Earth: pressure prevents radiation • Conduction – Propagation of vibrations (= heat) inside crystals without radiation and without displacement of matter – Conduction is more efficient in some materials than others ⇒conductivity (silver=418W.m-1.K-1W.m-1.K-1, wood 0.1 W.m-1.K-1, granite 27 W.m-1.K-1) – More efficient than conduction (function of conductivity), but less than convection • Convection: if conduction not sufficient to evacuate heat: ⇒ Temperature increases ⇒ Mechanical properties change ⇒ Motion of the material itself towards colder region ⇒ Transport of heat by motion of matter Convection • 2 plates separated by distance ∆L, with constant temperature difference ∆T • Temperature increase at the bottom ⇒ density decrease ⇒buoyancy force • Consequence: upward motion, but resisted by viscous drag, proportional to upward velocity • “Intensity” of convection depends on Rayleigh number = ratio of buoyancy forces to viscous resistance • Large Ra ⇒faster convection ⇒more efficient heat dissipation Mantle convection • 2 models: – Layered model: strong convection in upper mantle is decoupled from slow convection in