儿童教育相关论文中英文外文翻译.doc

儿童教育外文翻译文献 The Role of Parents and Community in the Education of the Japanese Child Heidi Knipprath Department of Methodology School of Business, Public Administration and Technology University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands Phone: +31 53 489 32 56 / 32 70 Fax: +31 53 489 47 34 E-mail: h.m.e.knipprath@utwente.nl Abstract In Japan, there has been an increased concern about family and community participation in the child’s education. Traditionally, the role of parents and community in Japan has been one of support and less one of active involvement in school learning. Since the government commenced education reforms in the last quarter of the 20th century, a more active role for parents and the community in education has been encouraged. These reforms have been inspired by the need to tackle various problems that had arisen, such as the perceived harmful elements of society’s preoccupation with academic achievement and the problematic behavior of young people. In this paper, the following issues are examined: (1) education policy and reform measures with regard to parent and community involvement in the child’s education; (2) the state of parent and community involvement at the eve of the 20th century. Key Words: active involvement, community, education reform, Japan, parents, partnership, schooling, support  Introduction: The Discourse on the Achievement Gap When western observers are tempted to explain why Japanese students attain high achievement scores in international comparative assessment studies, they are likely to address the role of parents and in particular of the mother in the education of the child. Education mom is a phrase often brought forth in the discourse on Japanese education to depict the Japanese mother as being a pushy, and demanding home-bound tutor, intensely involved in the child’s education due to severe academic competition. Although this image of the Japanese mother is a stereotype spread by the popular mass med