地质统计学2005-2006.ppt

孔隙度三维模型 一次实现 二次实现 三次实现 孔隙度垂直切片 一次实现 二次实现 三次实现 孔隙度水平切片 一次实现 二次实现 三次实现 渗透率三维模型 渗透率垂直切片 一次实现 二次实现 三次实现 渗透率水平切片 一次实现 二次实现 三次实现 条件模拟的局限性 条件模拟的最大好处是能重复再现区域化变量真实值的离散性、波动性的大小，在未进行观测的点上也可给出模拟值，在观测点上的模拟值就等于观测值，且只要反复进行模拟，就可得到任意多个条件模拟的实现，但也有其局限性。 1、模拟值并非真实值，故多次进行条件模拟虽可得到较多的条件模拟的实现，但决不等于新增加了信息数据 2、模拟值不是最优的估计值。可以证明，用ZSC(x)作为Z(x)的估计量时，其估计方差是Z＊K(x)作估计量时估计方差的（即克里格方差的）的二倍。 可见从估计方差越小越好的角度上看，克里格估计量要比条件模拟的估计量好一倍。这就是说，估计并非条件模拟的特长，也不应作为模拟的目的。用克里格法估计，用条件模拟来重现波动性，二者结合起来，才能体现地质统计学的全部威力。 1.work within homogeneous lithofacies/rock-type classification: may require a first step to model lithology 2.sequence stratigraphic framework:Zrel vertical coordinate space 3. clean data: positioned correctly, manageable outliers, grid spacing is appropriate 4. need to understand special features and special data: - trends - production data - seismic data 5.considerations for areal grid size: - practical limit to the number of cells - need to have suffucient resolution so that the upscaling is mean- ingful - this resolution is required even when the wells are widely spaced (simulation algorithms fill in the heterogeneity) 6.work with grid nodes. We assign a property for the entire cell knowing that there are sub-cell features Petrophysical Property Modeling: Prerequisites Different Petrophysical Property Simulation Algorithms Matrix Approach (LU Decomposition): not used because of the size of the problem (an N x N matrix must be solved where N could be in the millions) Turning Bands: simulate the variable on 1-D lines and combine in 3-D. Not used because of artifacts and difficulty in conditioning to local data Fractals: not extensively used because self-similarity is only valid for a limited range of scales and difficulty in conditioning to local data Annealing: becoming popular : recommended for permeability Sequential Simulation: widely u