40G-100G-DWDM-OTN测试.pptVIP

* The use of ROADMs in the field has great advantages but they create some optical imparment related to the filtering effect of the demultiplexers they contain. This image is a simplification of a ROADM. The input on the left, is a train of peaks, with equal spacing, entering the west side of the ROADM, with most of them going through the express port, the main output of the ROADM (East side) shown on the right. Between the input and output, a demultiplexer will first be used to separate the channels, allowing to drop some (bottom left of the slide) and before the output, a multiplexer will be used to recombine all wavelengths expressed + those that have been added (bottom right).Amplifiers, power monitors and attenurator are used in between Demux and Mux to optimize the power distribution among channels as well as flatness. Depending on the network configuration, some or all channels exiting the ROADM will exhibit carved noise or hidden noise within the bandwidth of the signal. When noise is present in the channel, as it goes through the filters in the Mux/demux combo, it will be carved. If the filter’s bandwidth is much larger than the signal (eg 100 GHz vs 50 GHz), noise may appear as shoulders on the side of the signals, as we can see on this slide. When filter is of the same size or narrower than the signal, then noise will be completely hidden in the spectral shape of the signal. Using the interpolation method, which is the method used by conventional OSAs, will lead to under-estimation of the noise level, leading to a situation where performance assessed in better than what it is in reallity, creating a false sense of security. In this case, it is required to use the In-band method for correct OSNR determination. Channel12 displays noise at approximately -37 dBm, where shoulders carved by the filter in the rOADM are apparent. Channel 13 does not display any in-band noise while channels 14 and 15 may have been through a lesser number of amplifiers t