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1.1 Explain why modern process engineering is the basis for an advanced economy. The life-blood of any individual product-producing enterprise is the continual introduction of products or product improvements at competitive prices. Without this effort ,enterprise will stagnate and ultimately fail. 1.2 What broad areas of study are involved in effective process engineering? There are three broads: 1.Properties and behavior of materials.2.Basic, secondary, finishing, and assembly processes.3.Integration and quality control of manufacturing processes. 1.3 What four classification of material are used in the manufacturing of hard products? Metal, plastics, ceramics, and composites 1.4 What recent improvement have the Japanese introduced in marking of steel? Including continuous casting, electrogalvanizing, and thermomechanical control processing. 1.5 What costs are included in indirect costs? overhead or burden, and tool expanse. 1.6 Why is it that efficient shops often have a high indirect cost? Because of the following indirect cost increments: power consumed by the facilities, depreciation of the facilities, proportion of line supervision allocated to the facilities, and small tool and/ or perishable tools and supplies regularly consumed by the facility.  1.10 What 12 considerations should the engineer consider when conducting an operations analysis for the purpose of the cost reduction? 1. Reduce the number of parts, thus simplifying the design.2. Reduce the number of operations by making the machining, joining, and assembly easier.3. Liberalize the tolerances and specifications without deteriorating the quality of the parts.4. Utilize a material that enhances the quality and/ or reduces the cost and/ or improves the appearance.5. Utilize material more economically.6.Mechanize manual operations.7. Automate mechanized operations.8. Utilize robotic instead of manual control.9. Utilize a machining center rather than several independent machining, joining, and assemb