统计BSAFC4_PPT_ch02.ppt

Side-by-side bar charts Tabulating and Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data (continued) Side-by-Side Chart Example Sales by quarter for three sales territories: Scatter Diagrams are used to examine possible relationships between two numerical variables The Scatter Diagram: one variable is measured on the vertical axis and the other variable is measured on the horizontal axis Scatter Diagrams Scatter Diagram Example Volume per day Cost per day 23 131 24 120 26 140 29 151 33 160 38 167 41 185 42 170 50 188 55 195 60 200 A Time Series Plot is used to study patterns in the values of a variable over time The Time Series Plot: one variable is measured on the vertical axis and the time period is measured on the horizontal axis Time Series Plot Scatter Diagram Example Year Number of Franchises 1996 43 1997 54 1998 60 1999 73 2000 82 2001 95 2002 107 2003 99 2004 95 Misusing Graphs and Ethical Issues Guidelines for good graphs: Do not distort the data Avoid unnecessary adornments (no “chart junk”) Use a scale for each axis on a two-dimensional graph The vertical axis scale should begin at zero Properly label all axes The graph should contain a title Use the simplest graph for a given set of data Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-* Graphical Errors: Chart Junk 1960: $1.00 1970: $1.60 1980: $3.10 1990: $3.80 Minimum Wage Bad Presentation Minimum Wage 0 2 4 1960 1970 1980 1990 $ ? Good Presentation Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-* Graphical Errors: No Relative Basis A’s received by students. A’s received by students. Bad Presentation 0 200 300 FR SO JR SR Freq. 10% 30% FR SO JR SR ? 100 20% 0% % Good Presentation Business Statistics: A First Course, 5e ? 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 2-* Graphical Errors: Compressing the Vertical Axis Good Presentation Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales Bad Presentation 0 25 50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 $ 0 100 200 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 $ ? Business Statistics: A First Course, 5